Zoran cvetkovic forex peace

Yes, China and the West espouse some version of multilateralism. But unfettered strategic competition precludes effective multilateralism, not least by disrupting trade and technology transfer — a crucial driver of development. China and the West urgently need a new framework for understanding the state of the world and their place in it. Such a framework must recognize, first and foremost, that properly regulated economic competition is not a zero-sum game. In static terms, normal economic competition bolsters price efficiency and helps to align supply and demand.

In other words, it leads to advances in human well-being. There is no reason to think that cross-border competition cannot produce the same benefits. On the contrary, experience shows that it can, so long as supporting legal and regulatory structures are in place and the playing field is level. Strategic competition is a different story. After all, there are powerful dual-use technologies — often emerging from non-defense sectors — that advance both economic and national-security objectives.

Leaders should not pretend this is not the case. But that, too, does not mean countries are condemned to play a zero-sum game, focused on making or keeping others weak. Instead, China and the West should agree to achieve and preserve a degree of economic, technological, and defense parity. This means abandoning efforts to block the diffusion of knowledge and technology — an enterprise that is rarely effective in the long run. Such an approach would avoid greater fragmentation of the global economic system,which is particularly damaging to third parties.

And it would deter offensive use of military or technological capabilities — vital in an environment where neither side trusts the other. When we assume that our own preferred system is objectively superior, and demonize alternatives, we end up mis-framing the terms and likely outcomes of economic and strategic competition. Worse, competition over governance distracts from more productive dimensions of interdependence.

It was some 10 years ago that we coined our own mantra: Connecting people, improving lives. Our plan and our purpose met a formidable challenge with the arrival of the pandemic. On paper, we faced a serious threat to our business 28 July and our ability to serve our customers. Global supply chains were interrupted, air traffic came to a standstill in many countries; border controls sprung up around the world; lockdowns confined people to their homes.

No one knew what was around each corner. I have often adhered to the principle that a quick decision is often a bad decision, and one should not be pressured by fictional deadlines. This situation was different, and from talking and thinking as a team it quickly became clear that it was necessary to change work routines and processes almost overnight.

Communication became critical and we had to tailor and translate messages to our employees in countries and territories. We had to ensure protection against the virus and deal with the prospect of downsizing. We resolved to introduce a radically changed environment.

We somehow squeezed four years of technological advancement into four months. We had to move 9, laptops into homes as employees made the transition to their new workplace. At one moment we were delivering PPE to China from around the world and then, within a matter of weeks, the direction shifted and it was to move PPE from China to the world.

We helped to safeguard the existence of brands that had to suddenly close their physical stores and shift their business online. How tough would life have been if people had stopped receiving packages? There would have been no DIY, no gardening, no books, no sports gear, not to mention vaccines, medical supplies or spare parts for vehicles.

It became apparent within weeks that our business remained very strong and that our customers needed us more than ever. We found that we were able to fulfil those needs, because our employees were willing to adapt in a crisis. Connecting people, improving lives - never before had this been more relevant than during the pandemic: never before has it been more recognised internally and externally.

This simple, memorable idea cut through and became a much more commonly known and widely used part of our own lexicon. Our strategy was able to evolve with the changing circumstances, as we came up with a way to think about the company and a way to talk about the company that our teams could apply to make their own decisions.

During the darkest days, our investment in communicating and clarifying our purpose over many years paid off. Thankfully, we were not an executive board of ten advocating what to do, rather we had , advocates for what we needed to do.

Our purpose gave us the momentum we needed to adapt. The pandemic proved our resilience. We operate across countries and territories. With operations on a global scale, there will always be natural or political disruptions of some kind going on somewhere every week. We have to deal with that. As a company, we have to be optimistic about a swift recovery from the pandemic — in the same way as we got through the Icelandic ash cloud of and the great Recession of This would pass in the same way.

Like so many other frontline and essential services, we helped secure livelihoods, delivered health and joy, enabled growth and kept supply chains running. For our people, this was a source of tremendous pride and meaning. This was reflected in our annual Employee Opinion Survey, conducted among all employees. The benefits of maintaining global connections have become even more tangible than ever before. Vaccine development itself is a great example of globalisation at its best.

Now that vaccine production is ramping up, the distribution of vaccines depends crucially on global logistics. This is an excellent example of our purpose and globalisation in action. The distribution of vaccines is not just essential to our customers and the world. We know that trade can soothe tensions between nations and create bonds of fellowship. But our purpose is not just a feature of work life. We want our employees to be active citizens in helping the towns, villages and communities where they live.

Whether that means making it easier to trade across borders, GoTrade , giving young people the opportunity to learn new skills GoTeach , preparing for the logistical challenges of natural disasters GoHelp or ensuring business success is compatible with environmental protection GoGreen , we have initiatives to get employees involved in causes that drive them. International collaboration can counter the forces of nationalism and protectionism that threaten the flow of trade.

Corporate work cultures can offer a model for societies, showing how commerce can transcend religious and cultural differences and be inclusive of many nationalities and languages. If companies like ours succeed in engaging and empowering our employees, that will provide a template for governments and society as a whole. During the pandemic, we used this song and the lyrics to complement some of our communications.

It was memorable. It caught the mood. And it conveyed a message. It said everything we needed to say about how we needed to maximise our collective effort to overcome setbacks during those difficult days. Final thoughts: the purpose of any company and organisation should be aligned with what it is they do, where they operate, what industry they are in, what assets they have and where their employees live.

ICT Hub and the U. The first phase of the project showcases massive research that identifies the most promising domains for innovations in Serbia. Eurobank signed a new agreement on cooperation with Manchester United, a globally renowned football club, and thus continued the successful partnership established in Thanks to this collaboration, Eurobank clients can become owners of co-branded debit, credit and prepaid payment cards with the Manchester United logo.

In addition to standard functionalities, such as contact-free transactions and online payments, owners of these cards also have the option of participating in numerous promo campaigns with valuable prizes, including a visit to the Old Trafford Stadium. These are local governments, which, by successfully passing the Certification of Municipalities with Favourable Business Environment in Southeast Europe BFC SEE programme, have gained confirmation that they provide services according to the highest international standards.

The BFC club also includes cities and municipalities that are currently in the process of certification, and seven more have decided to enter the process and join the new, seventh working body of NALED. All the policies and standards that exist within HEINEKEN have been introduced and implemented in our local company, and these policies and standards are indeed We are committed to the environment, social sustainability and responsible consumption, on a path to a net zero, fairer and healthier world H EINEKEN Srbija strives to contribute to the community in which it operates with the highest quality standards, respect for human rights and protection of the environment with every move and project.

Do they apply all the procedures and standards of the parent company, which are often stricter than those prescribed by European regulations? In everything that we do, we always place our health and safety, as well as that of our families, consumers and partners, above everything else. Each and all of us do everything that we can, both personally and professionally, to take the best care of ourselves and all the people with whom we cooperate.

Our goal is clear: safety comes first! It seems that caring for the community in which you operate and the environment is not seen as a legal obligation, but as a company mission. Does the impression deceive us? Transparency in daily work and communication, respect for the individual, local community and society, passion for quality and social responsibility represent the core values of our company.

As an integral part of the communities in which we operate, we establish, develop and maintain strong relationships not only with the towns where our breweries are located, but also with all other towns and cities, with the goal of maintaining traditional values and benefiting the quality and standard of life for all citizens and our employees.

Over the last ten years, HEINEKEN Srbija has invested around million euros in this beautiful country, including investments in our breweries, processes and the improving of standards, but also many corporate social responsibility projects.

Just to mention some of the latest contributions we did. What messages does it carry? In close alignment with our stakeholders, we have developed a strategy that is that is so simple, that it fits on a coaster but concise, including all the relevant priorities and challenging but achievable goals. After the setting out the law of the Yugoslavian CP in , the Comintern insisted rightly besides on the Greater-Serb character of the new State, at the service of France and England, and nest of counter-revolution, since an important mass of soldiers of the Russian white army had taken refuge there, to put itself at once at the service of king Alexander.

In , the Comintern decided to create a special subcommittee for Yugoslavia. It estimated that the problems in the party were "of a personal nature". But, the Yugoslavian CP Conference in Vienna in May showed how seriously the national question was poisoning the party. The right to "self-determination" was proclaimed; as well as the need for co-operating with the Croatian Peasant party of Radic.

The discussion on "the national question", which touched the question of the Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian autonomy, was launched in the legal party which had taken the name of Independent Workers Party of Yugoslavia. Radnik-Delavec in Belgrade and the weekly paper Borba of Zagreb initiated the debate. The Croatian Communist Ciliga played a decisive part in the imposition of the positions of the Comintern.

The first to enter the debate on the "tribal" character of the fight between the Serb, Slovenian and Croatian bourgeoisies, was the Serb Communist Pavle Pavlovic , who stressed that the national question was a "mirage": "The Serb bourgeoisie had forced the unification; the Slovenian and Croatian bourgeoisies had artificially underlined national differences. Nevertheless, the party should support, in a Leninist way, the right to the secession; this right should however be carried out by the revolution and not by creating artificially "ethnic blocks".

But in August of this year , Ante Ciliga placed himself on a resolutely national ground. He reproached the Serb communists for underestimating the revolutionary action of the national liberation movements; Yugoslavia was "an necessary evil".

The result was that in the Yugoslavian CP not only decided for the autonomy of areas, like Croatia, but also preached the political co-operation with Radic. The Comintern, which sought allies in the national Peasant parties and had founded the Krestintern, invited Radic to join Krestintern, and consequently asked to the CP to collaborate with him. In the name of the fight against the Great-Serb chauvinism, the Comintern openly required collaboration with nationalist bourgeois parties, to support the penetration of the Russian State in Balkans.

This frontist tactics of the Comintern was endorsed by his VIth congress in It affirmed a separatist solution; the Yugoslav State was to be destroyed. Kosovo was to be linked up with "independent and unified" Albania. The nationalist and separatist trends went so far the CP created in a Croatian national revolutionary Movement to extend the communist "influence" among the Croatian peasants. Having entered its "third period", putschist, the CP supported any insurrectional "act" and went until collaborating with the Ustashe, especially in prison, as Djilas in his Memories brings it back.

But a new turning point, in with the policy of the Popular Fronts, changed this tactics. On its southern flank, Russia sought a strong Yugoslavia, and thus centralised around Serbia, whereas Italy openly encouraged the Croatian secession. A the plenary meeting of the Central committee of the Yugoslavian CP held in Split in June , it was proclaimed - under the impulse of Stalin and Dimitrov - that any attempt at separation of any nationhood was dangerous for Yugoslavia, within the framework of the antifascist front.

That did not prevent the party from seeking the co-operation with the party of Macek, and even from making entrism there "to transform it into a true "national-revolutionary" movement". To prove that the Yugoslavian CP was interested in the Croatian question, it was created a Communist Party of Croatia in August "to fight for the national Liberation of the Croatian people". In the same way, a Slovenian Communist Party was made up That lasted few months. Tito since reorganised the party in Croatia and Dalmatia, under cover of anti-revisionism.

In , a resolution of the Croatian CP noted that the bursting of the imperialist war had done impossible the co-operation with the Peasant party. The Popular Front had lived in Croatia. It is true that before the war the influence of the Communist Party in Yugoslavia had considerably extended, especially among the students and intellectuals. The Titoist Communism became an essential factor of the political life. When Yugoslavia of the Regent Paul was very nearly to swing over to the German side in March , the Yugoslavian CP launched a watchword against the capitulation with the assistance of the USSR: it supported the military coup of the General Simovic in favour of the Allies.

When Germany attacked Yugoslavia on all borders, the party took part in defence of the "fatherland" and proclaimed the need for working class of a "free and fraternal unity". It meaned the abandonment of the former secessionist watchwords.

Yugoslavia was completely dismembered. The Jews and the Gypsies were practically exterminated. Where the Chetnik militia remained Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia-Slavonia they were too massacres perpetuated against Croatian or Moslem peasants. The Albanians of Kosovo avenged on the Serbs, who did not mind massacring Albanians. The Macedonians were the victims of slaughters of the Bulgarian army of occupation, which acted as well against the Greeks in Aegean Macedonia. The Hungarians occupying Vojvodina entered the dance while massacring in their turn Serbs.

The Germans of Banat were used - under the threat or of their full will - as auxiliaries of the German army in the fight against the partisans Prinz Eugen division. The force of Tito was his centralist will, above the "ethnic groups", to reconstitute the pieces of a dislocated unity. The first troops of partisans were initially, in an obvious way, the Serbs of Bosnia and Croatia, who underwent the massacres by the Ustashe of Pavelic, massacres to which even Catholic priests contributed fanatically, in the name of the "fight against orthodoxy".

The occupation of Montenegro by Italy let emerge at once troops of partisans But that lasted a short time: Tito had adopted a Yugoslavist strategy, including at the expense of the Serb ones. In Croatian Dalmatia, occupied by Italy, the partisans had many recruits. As from , when the defeat of Germany became obvious - Italy broke down the same year - entire detachments of Croatian Ustashe and Serbian Chetniks passed with weapons and luggage in the ranks of the Titoist partisans.

In Slovenia, on the other hand, cut up by Italy and Germany, the Liberation Front Osvobodilna Fronta was formed with Communists and Catholics, gaining success especially in the campaigns. In , a third of the population of Ljubljana was regularly in prison or interned. After the fall of Fascism in , and thanks to huge stocks of weapons left by the soldiers of the Duce, the Slovenian partisans, associated with the Italian antifascist partisans, largely dominated Southern Slovenia.

In Macedonia, the bulgarisation pushed a significant number of peasants in the ranks of the partisans. It is symptomatic to note, source of conflicts between the so-called "socialist" States of the post-war period, that the Bulgarian Communist Party of Dimitrov supported the position of his Bourgeoisie, according to which Macedonia was Bulgarian. The secretary of the provincial committee, Satorov, required that the Serb Communists should leave Macedonia. In Serbia even, the partisans were divided between Titoists and Monarchists, who killed each other, and even denounced each other mutually to the Nazi occupant.

In Kosovo, annexed to Greater Albania, dominated by Italy, it was the hour of revenge against the Serb yoke. More than The instruction was given in the schools exclusively in Albanian. Concerning the Titoist partisans, Serbs and Montenegrins, the attitude of the population was frankly hostile. This promise was hardly held at the end of the war Churchill threw in the oubliettes his royalist friends to the profit of Tito. This last one, after being considered with mistrust by Stalin, who saw in the Yugoslav CP "a den of Trotskyists", became his best disciple in Stalin even painted in glowing colors the possible acquisition of Albania as Yugoslav State.

Stalin, nevertheless, never put all his eggs in the same basket: he made proposals of alliance to Pavelic, that this last should accept the legalisation of the Communist Party, if the British would unload in Dalmatia. In this case, as Djilas wrote it, the partisans of Tito were ready to conclude a pact with the Germans and Pavelic. The Titoist army was distinguished by no recruiting on the basis of the Croatian, Slovenian or Serbian nationalism, but on that of Yugoslav nationalism, even if this nationalism was camouflaged behind a Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist phraseology with the creation of "proletarian brigades" wearing badge with the sickle and hammer.

To prove his "internationalism", the Montenegrin communist Djilas, who became the most irrepressible adversary of Stalin after , even asked that Montenegro would be attached to the USSR In , the Titoist Army of national Liberation counted It will count But, in Slovenia and Croatia, in May , the massacre of The Croatian Communists, in clerical Croatia dedicated to the opposition, had short allowance in the State, for the sharing out of the posts.

The case of Andrija Hebrang, Croatian, communist pro-Cominform after , and "dead in prison " is very significant. Beside the three republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia of the former monarchist Yugoslavia, conglomerated Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro, which belonged to Serbia. The two provinces of Kosovo Albanian and Vojvodina with a strong Hungarian minority acquired an autonomy status. Croatia lost Bosnia-Herzegovina, which it had completely annexed since From a purely nationalist point of view, the two " losers " of the new "socialist" Yugoslavia were Serbia and Croatia.

The Titoist Regime - especially after the rupture of with Stalin - was built like Stalinist State and centralised by Serbia. Especially under the reign of the Serb chief of the secret police Aleksandar Rankovic, majority of the executives of the federal State, in the army and the administration, was Serb. From to , Albanian Kosovo was practically put in state of siege, especially when Enver Hodja, the Albanian dictator, had chosen the camp of Stalin against Tito.

In Vojvodina, the army "purified" ethnically: more than The Titoist regime, to build an "ethnically Yugoslav"country, let the "republics" practise such a ethnic cleansing. In in Slovenia and in Croatian Istria thousands of Italians were victims of this policy, that some too liberally allotted to Serbs only, by forgetting the Ustashe, then the Croatian and Slovenian partisans.

Italian bodies were precipitated in dolines foibe infoibati, to speak Italian. Tens of thousands had to leave their houses and grounds before , date of the regulation of the conflict about Trieste. The force of the Titoist regime after , was, however, to appear "keeping clear of the fray of the Yugoslav peoples" and the less evil remedy to heal the interethnic massacres of the Second World War.

Andrija Hebrang, the Croatian communist chief, who wished autonomy for Croatia inside the Stalinist block, remained insulated. Macedonia, to which Tito had given the status of republic, by fear of being swallowed by Bulgaria remained faithful to the Regime.

For the Serb communist apparatus, it appeared also too dangerous - in spite of the old ties with Russian imperialism - to choose Stalin and Cominform against the schismatic Tito. Especially, from to , the USA granted Tito a billion dollar, of which the half out of weapons.

After , Tito, who played the card of non-alignment, could even secure Russian loans, after the heating of the relations with the USSR, which lasted until the invasion of Czechoslovakia in After having tested from to the forced collectivisation of the campaigns co-operative or zadrougas , to ensure an agricultural independence and an economic takeoff by the proletarisation of the peasants, Yugoslav self-management attracted Western capital and made it possible the companies to openly make profit, which was to be transferred in Belgrade and to be distributed in the most underdeveloped areas of the Federation.

For strategic reasons, and by fear of an invasion by the Red Army and "countries brothers ", extraction and armament industries were developed in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Expensive road and railway infrastructures were installed in backward areas: such as Bosnia, Macedonia, Kosovo, and Montenegro. Until the Sixties, it existed a real consensus around the Yugoslav State of Tito. The repercussions of tourism, the safety valve of the emigration, the economic development gave an impression of prosperity and stability, whereas the questions of nationality slipped in the second plan.

It was the apogee of the Titoist "yougoslavism". Tito in believed good to declare: " Today in our country, there are no more tensions between the republics. Many reproached to Belgrade to neglect the development of the areas of Istria and Dalmatia, which drew substantial benefit of tourist industry, but without making additional profit. All the money went to Belgrade. In these regions, a real industrialisation emerged. In , industry employed some Whereas before, the working class was weak, it became a real sociological and political factor.

From Slovenia to Croatia important strikes shook heavy industry. There were 2. Strikes burst in the already developed areas of Slovenia and Croatia. These strikes were generally short and remained local without extension to the whole of the Yugoslav lands. Typical phenomenon of the underdevelopment, the poorest republics remained poor. Especially, the economic gap widened always more with the rich areas. In , the income per head was, in the poor republics and districts, of half lower than that of the rich areas.

These last ones benefited from the low price of energy and raw materials for their processing industries. In addition, the low productivity of the poor areas made them still more fragile on the world capitalist market. This phenomenon existed up to and including the rich republics: their archaic agriculture was struck down by the economic crisis. The farming population must emigrate either towards big cities or abroad, in particular in Germany, Scandinavia, Australia, Northern and Southern America.

Macedonia and Kosovo were lands of intense exodus towards the F. A million Yugoslavians emigrated to nourish their family remained in the country. The world economic crisis in the Seventies weakened Yugoslavia: rising inflation, foreign debt. Strikes burst after , but their social impact was not sufficient to counter nationalist and regionalist ideologies, which took their take-off.

The social question, however explosive with unemployment, inflation cutting down the working wages, quickly will be overwhelmed by the "national question", contained since the end of the war. Conflicts within the Yugoslav ruling class blew up: each component put its own national and regional interests ahead. The richest areas, of course, put at the first plan the needs for the economic liberalism to reduce the expense of the assistance to the most underdeveloped regions.

The poorest areas, included Serbia, underlined the necessary solidarity of the richest ones with the poorest ones. Initially, re-appeared trouble in populations, which were since decades nationally oppressed by Serb chauvinism. These demonstrations were pittilessly repressed. Nevertheless, the Shqipetars obtained autonomy. An Albanian university was created. Kosovo became priority in the federal economic aid, which drawn Mutual aid funds from the "rich republics".

This help was used to "calm the play" at least until Kosovo obtained until a million dollars per day. But, most seriously was emerging to the turning point of the years the conflict between Serbia and the "rich republics". In , the government of Slovenia felt on the vital question for the Slovenian economy to allocate capital for the construction of a motorway towards Austria and Germany.

The federal authorities of Belgrade refused. More significant was the Croatian question which re-emerged in , under the name of "Croatian Spring" or "Mass Movement " Maspokret. The Croatian ruling class inside the party defended the nationalist theses.

Mika Tripalo, one of the leaders of Croatian Communism declared in "The League of the Communists of each republic expresses and must express the class interests of the workers and in his own nation and in its own republic. But especially, leading personalities of the Croatian Communist Party Tripalo , who were supported by the petty bourgeois and peasant masses, affirmed strongly that on the banking and economic level there existed an "exploitation of Croatia" by Serbia and the poorer areas.

This assertion of open nationalism by Slovenian and Croatian leaders was not their exclusive fact. After the explosion of national anti-Serb feelings in , in Kosovo, in all the Serb State apparatus developed a vigorous nationalism, expressing complaints on "the miserable place " given to the Serb interests in the Yugoslav State. The past of Serbia, especially after the fall of Rankovic, presented as a martyr, was exalted more and more by a lot of publications.

For Tito, there was not any doubt that that announced the end of the Yugoslav federation. More especially, as Brejnevian Russia, after having supported the Serb Rankovic against Tito, was ready to encourage - to have military outlets in the Adriatic - independent Croatia.

Tito made clean-up inside the Croatian direction. Thousands of people were thrown in geol. In linkage to these events a new Yugoslav constitution was worked out in by Tito, which went in the direction of an integral confederation. This constitution intended to replace, after the death of the Chief, the personal direction of the Confederal State by a collegial presidency, formed of the presidents of each republic and area known as autonomous.

Each of them, Serb, Croatian, Slovenian, etc, would become president of this college during one year, according to the principle of rotation. Thus the domination of a particular republic - in fact Serbia, by far the most demographically prolix republic - would be avoided. This organisation will function from to , until Milosevic seized the power in Serbia.

The debt grew alarmingly: 20 billion dollars. In , for the first time the economists announced a zero growth. In certain areas, the income regressed on its level of the Sixties. Never the gap of the income per capita was not so deep according to the republics and areas: for an average index of for the confederation, one noted at top for Slovenia, for Croatia, 93 for Serbia, 66 for Macedonia and 31 only for Kosovo.

The income per capita in Kosovo was seven times lower than that of Slovenia, and the third of the Yugoslav average income. It is precisely in Kosovo, and not in pluri-ethnical Bosnia-Herzegovina, that again stormed events which let sink Titoist Yugoslavia and its self-management. The students of the University of Pristina demonstrated against the unemployment and for decent conditions of housing.

Again Serb retaliation hit the Kosovar demonstrators, more especially as these ones required the status of republic. There still the explosive social soil moved towards nationalist goals. The strike of the Kosovar and Serbian coalminers, in , who demonstrated with the poster of Tito, will change nothing. Yugoslavia seemed condemned to dislocation after the death of Tito. The Serb ruling class changed completely policy and ceased to camouflage behind the "Yougoslavism". Great-Serb claims spread out without make-up.

In , was written and discussed in the Serb political circles the Memorandum of the Serb Academy. It were necessary to return to the centralisation of Belgrade. Finally, the question was whether all the Serbs should join together in the same State. The arrival to the power of the Serb Communist Milosevic marked a real turning in Presenting himself as guard of the Serb identity, he made remove de facto in the autonomy status of Kosovo and Vojvodina. A true Chetnik hysteria was developed in the Serb media.

Albanian riots were crushed in The end of the Stalinist regimes in Eastern Europe was combined with the reform of the Slovenian constitution, which sustained the right of Slovenia to do secession. The government of Ljubljana decided to block Serb trains of demonstrators at the border. In reprisals the Serb government made plunder and boycott the Slovenian products. After the fall of Ceaucescu in Romania December , elections put an end to the "communist" power monopoly in Slovenia and Croatia.

Teams favourable to independence came into power in April and May The relatively rich Northern republics decided to suspend at the summer their assistance contributions to the Southern republics. The financial crash of Yugoslavia preceded its political shipwreck. The Yugoslav market ceased existing. Consequently, on the political level, the situation accelerated. In Slovenia, February 20, , the Parliament decided to suspend the federal laws and to proclaim the republic on June In May of the same year the sovereignty of Croatia, where the General Tudjman was elected president, was proclaimed.

It was the last death notice of the former Yugoslavian federation. The war appeared then as inevitable between the Serb-Yugoslavian army that defended the Great-Serb interests and the republics resulting from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In August , a Serb insurrection burst in the Knin krajina in Dalmatia. The same month the Serb nationalists of Croatia decided by referendum for autonomy within the new State.

One circulated weapons everywhere - coming from Serbia and Hungary - in each camp. The C. In May burst the first inter-ethnic confrontations between Serb militia and Croatian police in Western Slavonia. In June-July, began the day-old war between the Slovenian Territorial Army and the Serb-Yugoslavian army, at the end of which, on intervention of the EEC, Slovenia was recognised as independent state.

It will obtain a few months besides later a status of observer in the Council of Europe. War in July spread like trail of powder. The war between Croatia and Serbia marked by the bloody sacking of Vukovar by the Chetniks is declared: it lasted until January On both sides beside the official armies, the former Communist leaders engaged genuine criminals, true jailbirds, catholic and orthodox extremists, who did the dirty job of mercenaries for their "communist" Serbian or Croatian "democrat-liberal" bosses.

Serbian Chetniks and Croatian Ustashe competed in the horror, to crush the population on the borders of the military front. Not only in Bosnia, where the Serbs controlled 90 p. In the Sandjak of Novi Pazar Croatian nationalists did the same "cleansing", when the fate of the weapons was favourable, including against "the Moslems" of Herzegovina.

All indicated that the Moslem Bosnian government on the condition of receiving massively weapons as much from islamist States that from the United States, would do similar cleansing. And it made similar acts, on a small scale, it is true.

In the space of a few months, the war have left tens of thousands of deaths. Two million people, men, women, children, old men, were thrown on the roads in a gigantic exodus: the tenth of the population of former Yugoslavia. In , the conflict had made already almost There were 3 million refugees, including The forces of UNO The balance sheet of these nationalist passions, stirred up by the local bourgeoisies of any plumage Croatian, Serb, Slovenian, in particular is : vacuity of the nation as economic and historical framework in the XXth century, where exist world economy.

A population traumatised by the war, a saving in exchanges reduced to its simpler expression; tens of thousands of war invalids; populations famished as in Bosnia, or clochardised by the war. In Serbia, the annual rate of inflation reached A single sector went well, in spite of the hypocrisy of the international embargo defended by UNO and the great Western powers: that of the weapons and strategic products which with an easy mind were in transit in Slovenia, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, etc.

The exploitation of the "national question" in the former Yugoslavia was also the occasion of a deployment of the small and big imperialist appetites. Each small country tries to impose its own law to its neighbours, not by economic war, privilege of the great powers, but by the war tout court.

Each country, to extend its sphere of influence is obliged to recompose its sphere of interests and to re-examine, even reverse, its alliances. The fall of the system of Yalta in , based on the division of the world in two blocks, let emerge new regional imperialist powers, without the great powers, exceeded by the extent of the phenomenon which they do not control any more, unable to impose their iron law.

The Serbism, which aims at unifying all the Serb lands, and the Croatism, which aims at doing the same thing but with the Croats of Bosnia, are in a logic of territorial expansion. This last one can rely only on the support of regional allies, having interdependent interests each other. Right now, Slovenia and Croatia rely on Germany and the EEC, while waiting to have a better support from the USA, which besides seemes to express a will of engagement at the side of Croatia August , and in Balkans in general.

As for Russia, even if itself proclaims - with Greece - it is the best ally of "orthodox Serbia", its political-economical collapse and its involvement in the Caucasian conflicts, much more vital for its oil exports, hardly enable its return in force in Balkans.

But for Russia, the Bay of Kotor Cattaro , in "Yugoslav" Montenegro, is a major objective, so that its Navy could cast and mark military presence in the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Seas. The conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina has political and strategic repercussions in whole Balkans. It appears increasingly clear that - with or without the blessing of the great powers - Croatia and Serbia are bound by an imperialist plan to cutting up the Bosnian lands.

This plan already was worked out by the Croat Tudjman and the Serb Milosevic on 16 June , and accepted by Clinton and Owen the following day even; it appeared clearly with the fightings of August in Krajina and Bosnia, at the time of the Croatian offensive. More discrete, but much heavier of consequences at the Balkan level, is the claim of an Albanian "national unity". For Albania, Kosovo and Western Macedonia are "irredent lands". October 19, , by secret referendum, was proclaimed the independence of the republic of Kosovo, in spite of the occupation of the Serb army, which since obliged The question of the formation of Greater Albania is already present.

Including, on a portion of Serbia, in Sandjak, where the Turkey support this claiming and seeks to make its come-back in Balkans, being not able to do it in Central Asia, as it had believed after A diplomatic agreement of July 29, decided that the Albanian officers would be trained in Turkey. Against Serbia, was concluded an economic alliance between Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Albania, to create an access road from the Black Sea to the Adriatic, cutting the access of Serbia to the Aegean sea, via Greek Macedonia.

Turkey could be recipient. The fate of Vardar Macedonia - laughably called Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or FYROM - which is not recognised by Greece and undergoes an economic blockade of this last country, late or early will be decided. It would open, as in , the way to Balkan, and even Danubian conflicts with Hungary and Romania.

The fate of the Hungarians of Serbia, of Transylvania in Romania could be very easily the object of a conflict between, on the one hand, Hungary and, on the other hand, Serbia and Romania, allied against their minorities. A civil war in Kosovo, with delivered weapons coming from Albania, Turkey, etc, is not impossible, with regional military consequences.

More especially as Greece aims at the annexation of Northern Epireus - in Southern Albania -, which is populated, according to it, of

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