Investing op amp breadboard layout

The goals in this lab are to gain a better understanding of how op amp circuits work, as well as to wire and test the circuits. Some parts of this lab assignment ask you to analyze a circuit. Please include that analysis in your lab notebook, and briefly discuss your analysis with the lab instructor before wiring the circuits.

Please bring the Bobrow textbook to lab. Electronic Lessons on Op Amps If you would like, you may execute the three E-lessons on op amps that are contained in the Exploring Electrical Engineering program. You do not have to perform the lessons during lab. Inverting Amplifier Consider the inverting amplifier circuit shown in Figure 2.

For your convenience, the inverting amplifier circuit shown in Figure 2. The notation in Figure 1 is slightly different from the text, so the equation describing Figure 1 is. Figure 1: "Inverting amplifier" with op amp.

However, with real op amp circuits, the resistor values need to be chosen with some care. In order to satisfy this limitation, what size resistors should be chosen for R 1 and R 2? For each case, measure the output voltage v o for several positive and negative input voltages v s.

Are there any limitations to these circuits? In other words, are there circumstances under which the desired gain is not achieved? What is the largest output voltage that your circuit can achieve? Can you explain why? You can obtain the pin diagram for the op amp from the data sheet on the web, or you can refer to Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Pin diagram for op amp. Suppose you want to design an inverting amplifier with a variable gain using a potentiometer pot whose resistance varies from a few ohms to 10 k ohms as a dial is turned.

This might be used for a volume control in a radio. Should the pot be placed at R 1 or R 2? A microphone, speaker, and pot will be supplied so that you can demonstrate an amplifier with a variable gain. Record your circuit designs, measured results, and explanations in your lab notebook. A Summing Amplifier Many applications require that two or more signals be added while also being amplified. This need arises frequently in audio systems. For example, in a music performance, we might have several microphones, each connected to a different singer or instrument.

A "mixing panel" is usually available that allows each microphone signal to be amplified separately before being added and sent to the speakers. An op amp circuit that amplifies and adds signals is shown in Figure 2. Let us generalize the circuit slightly by replacing the resistors R 1 by different resistors R a and R b connected to the input sources v a and v b , respectively.

Does this circuit amplify and add two voltages? Design an inverting, summing amplifier whose output voltage is the negative average of the two input voltages. Record your design in your notebook, and demonstrate the circuit operation to the lab instructor. Are there any limitations on the size of the input signals so that the circuit correctly outputs the negative average?

Explain how two potentiometers can be used to provide an "audio mixer" for two microphones with variable gains. Demonstrate the mixer circuit. An example that all of us are familiar with is the audio compact disk CD. The music is digitally encoded on the CD, but your CD player converts the 0's and 1's into an analog music signal that is played through your speakers.

For example, the binary number is equivalent to the decimal number 6. The circuit in Figure With reference to Figure Build the circuit and demonstrate that it operates properly. If you were to extend your design to 16 bits with the output voltage level between 0 V and V, which resistor values would be needed in your circuit? Why is this design better than your previous design, particularly if you extend to 16 bits? Try to explain the analysis to the lab instructor. The analysis uses the principle of superposition and facts about combinations of series and parallel resistors.

Include a discussion of the operation of the circuit in your lab notebook. That is, each student should construct a circuit on their breadboard. Connect one end of a black jumper wire at the spot marked "GND". Now we'll place the resistors. Place one resistor across the op-amp from pin 2 to pin 6. Place another resistor across the op-amp from pin 3 to pin 6.

Place the last resistor between the grounded row of the breadboard and pin 3 of the op-amp. Place the pF capacitor between the grounded row of the breadboard and pin 2 of the op-amp. The soda can is to be placed in parallel with this capacitor. Connect one end of a green jumper wire to pin 2 of the op-amp. You will hold the other end of this wire in your right hand when operating the theremin.

Connect one end of another black jumper wire to the grounded row of the breadboard. Connect the other end of this wire to the soda can. A slightly longer jumper wire is easier here. I place the wire such that it is held on by the tab on the top of the can. Taping the wire to the can would work as well.

Just make sure there is metal-to-metal contact. By holding the green wire in your right hand, your body is now part of the circuit. This allows you to use your left hand to act as a plate of a capacitor with the soda can.

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Those two differential input pins are inverting pin or Negative and Non-inverting pin or Positive. An op-amp amplifies the difference in voltage between this two input pins and provides the amplified output across its Vout or output pin. Depending on the input type, op-amp can be classified as Inverting Amplifier or Non-inverting Amplifier.

In previous Non-inverting op-amp tutorial , we have seen how to use the amplifier in a non-inverting configuration. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use op-amp in inverting configuration. Inverting Operational Amplifier Configuration It is called Inverting Amplifier because the op-amp changes the phase angle of the output signal exactly degrees out of phase with respect to input signal.

Same as like before, we use two external resistors to create feedback circuit and make a closed loop circuit across the amplifier. In the Non-inverting configuration , we provided positive feedback across the amplifier, but for inverting configuration, we produce negative feedback across the op-amp circuit. The R2 Resistor is the signal input resistor, and the R1 resistor is the feedback resistor. This feedback circuit forces the differential input voltage to almost zero.

The voltage potential across inverting input is the same as the voltage potential of non-inverting input. So, across the non-inverting input, a Virtual Earth summing point is created, which is in the same potential as the ground or Earth. The op-amp will act as a differential amplifier. So, In case of inverting op-amp, there are no current flows into the input terminal, also the input Voltage is equal to the feedback voltage across two resistors as they both share one common virtual ground source.

Due to the virtual ground, the input resistance of the op-amp is equal to the input resistor of the op-amp which is R2. This R2 has a relationship with closed loop gain and the gain can be set by the ratio of the external resistors used as feedback.

As there are no current flow in the input terminal and the differential input voltage is zero, We can calculate the closed loop gain of op amp. Learn more about Op-amp consturction and its working by following the link. Gain of Inverting Op-amp In the above image, two resistors R2 and R1 are shown, which are the voltage divider feedback resistors used along with inverting op-amp. R1 is the Feedback resistor Rf and R2 is the input resistor Rin.

Op-amp Gain calculator can be used to calculate the gain of an inverting op-amp. Practical Example of Inverting Amplifier In the above image, an op-amp configuration is shown, where two feedback resistors are providing necessary feedback in the op-amp. The resistor R2 which is the input resistor and R1 is the feedback resistor. The input resistor R2 which has a resistance value 1K ohms and the feedback resistor R1 has a resistance value of 10k ohms.

We will calculate the inverting gain of the op-amp. The feedback is provided in the negative terminal and the positive terminal is connected with ground. Now, if we increase the gain of the op-amp to times, what will be the feedback resistor value if the input resistor will be the same? As the lower value of the resistance lowers the input impedance and create a load to the input signal. For this board, and all the others, row number one is on the top. Cut two pieces with two connectors off of the female headers.

You will lose one connector with each cut. Sand the ends smooth. You need two breadboards to position the headers because the spacing of the power rails is different between a regular breadboard and the Perma Proto boards. Place two male headers with two pins each spaced the same as the power rails on the Permo Proto board on the first breadboard like in the first photo.

Place a male header on the second breadboard with a female header on top of it. This is just to hold up the other end of the Perma Proto board, do not solder it. Place the two, two pin female headers on the male headers. The second photo shows the Perma Proto board placed upside down on the two breadboards. Solder the two pin header on the left side of the board.

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Those two differential input pins are inverting pin or Negative and Non-inverting pin or Positive. An op-amp amplifies the difference in voltage between this two input pins and provides the amplified output across its Vout or output pin.

Depending on the input type, op-amp can be classified as Inverting Amplifier or Non-inverting Amplifier. In previous Non-inverting op-amp tutorial , we have seen how to use the amplifier in a non-inverting configuration. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use op-amp in inverting configuration. Inverting Operational Amplifier Configuration It is called Inverting Amplifier because the op-amp changes the phase angle of the output signal exactly degrees out of phase with respect to input signal.

Same as like before, we use two external resistors to create feedback circuit and make a closed loop circuit across the amplifier. In the Non-inverting configuration , we provided positive feedback across the amplifier, but for inverting configuration, we produce negative feedback across the op-amp circuit. The R2 Resistor is the signal input resistor, and the R1 resistor is the feedback resistor.

This feedback circuit forces the differential input voltage to almost zero. The voltage potential across inverting input is the same as the voltage potential of non-inverting input. So, across the non-inverting input, a Virtual Earth summing point is created, which is in the same potential as the ground or Earth. The op-amp will act as a differential amplifier. So, In case of inverting op-amp, there are no current flows into the input terminal, also the input Voltage is equal to the feedback voltage across two resistors as they both share one common virtual ground source.

Due to the virtual ground, the input resistance of the op-amp is equal to the input resistor of the op-amp which is R2. This R2 has a relationship with closed loop gain and the gain can be set by the ratio of the external resistors used as feedback. As there are no current flow in the input terminal and the differential input voltage is zero, We can calculate the closed loop gain of op amp.

Learn more about Op-amp consturction and its working by following the link. Gain of Inverting Op-amp In the above image, two resistors R2 and R1 are shown, which are the voltage divider feedback resistors used along with inverting op-amp. R1 is the Feedback resistor Rf and R2 is the input resistor Rin. Op-amp Gain calculator can be used to calculate the gain of an inverting op-amp.

Practical Example of Inverting Amplifier In the above image, an op-amp configuration is shown, where two feedback resistors are providing necessary feedback in the op-amp. The resistor R2 which is the input resistor and R1 is the feedback resistor. The input resistor R2 which has a resistance value 1K ohms and the feedback resistor R1 has a resistance value of 10k ohms.

We will calculate the inverting gain of the op-amp. The feedback is provided in the negative terminal and the positive terminal is connected with ground. Now, if we increase the gain of the op-amp to times, what will be the feedback resistor value if the input resistor will be the same?

As the lower value of the resistance lowers the input impedance and create a load to the input signal. Place two male headers with two pins each spaced the same as the power rails on the Permo Proto board on the first breadboard like in the first photo. Place a male header on the second breadboard with a female header on top of it. This is just to hold up the other end of the Perma Proto board, do not solder it.

Place the two, two pin female headers on the male headers. The second photo shows the Perma Proto board placed upside down on the two breadboards. Solder the two pin header on the left side of the board. The other two pin header is just there for balance, do not solder it.

The third photo shows the positioning for the rest of the headers. Place a 2 pin male header in the breadboard in holes A with a female header on top of it. Carefully place the board upside down on the headers making sure they are in the correct holes. When the board is turned over the headers in the breadboard in row J will be in row A on your finished piece.